Landmarks in wayfinding: a review of the existing literature

Abstract Landmarks are accepted as one of the vital elements in both virtual and real environments during wayfinding tasks. This paper provides an overview existing literature on selection landmarks mostly large-scale urban outdoors by discussing two main aspects landmarks: visibility salience. Environments layouts used previous studies, different tasks given to people findings explained compared. Summary tables created from these findings. The review concludes that there is a consensus landmarks, when considering their location. Accordingly, route also at decision points (with turn) more effective However, well visual cognitive saliency need be further investigated using environments, or levels familiarity with environments.